Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a versatile platform for a broad range of applications in pharmaceutical industries. These reactors harness hollow fibers as the core membrane to facilitate efficient separation between stages. The distinct design of hollow fiber membranes enables high surface area per unit volume, leading to improved produ

PVDF membrane bioreactors have become a popular technology for wastewater treatment. These units offer several advantages, including robust removal rates of biological pollutants, reduced sludge production, and enhanced water quality. Moreover, PVDF membranes are known for their durability, making them suitable for long-term deployment. To assess t